понятие

>=OB85 - >4=0 87 D>@< >B@065=8O <8@0 =0 ABC?5=8 ?>7=0=8O, A2O70==>9 A ?@8<5=5=85< O7K:0, D>@<0 (A?>A>1), >1>1I5=8O ?@54<5B>2 8 O2;5=89. . =07K20NB B0:65 1>9 >1>1I5=85 (8 5 2K45;5=85) ?@54<5B>2 =5:-@>3> :;0AA0 ?> 8E A?5F8D8G5A:8< (2 A>2>:C?=>AB8 >B;8G8B5;L=K<) ?@87=0:0<, ?@8G5< ?@54<5BK >4=>3> 8 B>3> 65 :;0AA0 (0B>B=K5, @0AB5=8O, >1I5AB25==>-M:>=><8G5A:85 D>@<0F88 8 B. ?.) <>3CB >1>1I0BLAO 2 . ?> @07=K< A>2>:C?=>ABO< ?@87=0:>2. . 8<55B B5< 1>;LHCN =0CG=CN 7=0G8<>ABL, G5< 1>;55 ACI5AB25==K ?@87=0:8 (A>AB02;ONI85 A>45@60=85), ?> :-@K< >1>1I0NBAO ?@54<5BK. > <5@5 B>3> :0: 87 ?@87=0:>2, A>AB02;ONI8E >A=. A>45@60=85 ., 2K2>4OBAO 4@C385 >1I85 ?@87=0:8 >1>1I5==KE 2 . ?@54<5B>2 (8 B5< A0ACI5AB2;O5BAO >1JOA=5=85 :0G5AB25==>9 A?5F8D8:8 MB8E ?@54<5B>2), . ?@52@0I05BAO 2 >?@545;5==CN A8AB51@. 2 C3;C1;5=88 ., 2 ?5@5E>40E >B >4=8E . (> 40==KE ?@54<5B0E) : 4@C38<, D8:A8@CNI8< 1>;55 3;C1>:CN ACI=>ABL ?@54<5B>2 8, B. >1@., ?@54AB02;ONI8E 1>;55 045:20B=>5 8E >B@065=85. . D8:A8@CNBAO 2 B5E 8;8 8=KE O7K:>2KE D>@<0E 8 A>AB02;ONB A>B25BAB2CNI8E 2K@065=89 O7K:0. 4=0 87 ;>38G5A:8E DC=:F89 . A>AB>8B 2 < 2K45;5=88 ?> >?@545;5==K< ?@87=0:0< 8=B5@5ACNI8E =0A 2 ?@0:B8:5 8 2 ?>7=0=88 ?@54<5B>2. ;03>40@O MB>9 DC=:F88 . A2O7K20NB A;>20 A >?@545;5==K<8 ?@54<5B0<8, GB> 45;05B 2>7<>6=K< CAB0=>2;5=85 B>G=>3> 7=0G5=8O A;>2 8 >?5@8@>20=85 8<8 2 ?@>F5AA5 2 ?@54<5B>2 8 >1>1' I5=85 MB8E ?@54<5B>2 2 . O2;O5BAO =5>1E>48285< ?>7=0=8O 70:>=>2 ?@8@>4K. 0640O =0C:0 >?5@8@C5B >?@545;5==K<8 ., 2 =8E :>=F5=B@8@CNBAO =0:0?;82059 7=0=8O. !0<8 ., ?> E0@0:B5@8AB8:5 5=8=0, ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 2KAH89 ?@>4C:B <>730, 2KAH53> ?@>4C:B0 <0B5@88 (B. 29, A. 149). 1@07>20=85 ., ?5@5E>4 : =5B GC2AB25==KE D>@< >B@065=8O - A;>6=K9 ?@>F5AA, 2 :-@>< ?@8<5=ONBAO B0:85 ?@857=0=8O, :0: A@02=5=85, 0=0;87 8 A8=B57, 01AB@038@>20=85, 8450;870F8O, >1>1I5=85 8 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 A;>6=K5 D>@70:;NG5=8O. @8 MB>< . =0C:8 G0AB> A>740NBAO 2=0G0;5 ;8HL =0 >A=>25 38?>B5B8G5A:8E ?@54?>;>65=89 > ACI5AB2>20=88 B5E 8;8 8=KE >1J5:B>2 8 >1 8E ?@8@>45 (B08 2>7=8:;>, =0?@., . 0B><0). 0 >A=>25 ?>7=0=8O 70:>=>2, B5=45=F89 @0728B8O . > =5:-@KE ?@54<5B0E <>65B 1KBL >1@07>20=> 4> 2>7=8:=>25=8O A0<8E ?@54<5B>2 (. > :><1@., 2 D>@<8@>20=88 . ?@>O2;O5BAO 0:B82=>ABL 8 B2>@G5A:89 E0@0:-) B5@ BO CA?5E 2 8A?>;L7>20=88 A>740==KE . 2A5F5;> 7028A8B >B B>3>, =0A:>;L:> B>G=> 2 =8E >B@0605BAO >1J5:B82=0O @50;L=>ABL. AO:>5 . ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 01AB@0:B F8N, GB> A>7405B 2848<>ABL >BE>40 .->B 459AB28B5;L=>AB8. 0 A0<>< 45;5 ?@8 ?><>I8 . ?@>8AE>48B 1>;55 3;C1>:>5 ?>7=0=85 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 ?C-* B5< 2K45;5=8O 8 8AA;54>20=8O ACI5AB25==KE AB>@>= 55.  B>=:@5B=>5, =5?>;=> >B@060NI55AO 2 >B45;L=KE . <>65B 1KBL A B>9 8;8 8=>9 AB5?5=LN ?>;=>BK 2>A?@>872545=> ?>A@54AB2>< A>2>:C?=>AB8 ., >B-: @060NI8E @07;8G=K5 53> AB>@>=K. 'B>1K =081>;55 B>G=> >B@060BL 459AB28B5;L=>ABL, . 4>;6=K 1KBL, ?> 2K@065=8N 5=8=0, «>1B5A0=K, >1;><0=K, 381:8, ?>4286=K, @5;OB82=K, 2708<>A2O70=K, 548=K 2 ?@>B82>?>;>6=>ABOE, 401K >1=OBL <8@» (B. 29, A. 131). -B> ?>;>65=85 - >4=0 87 A0@>= CG5=8O 480;5:B8G5A:>9 ;>38:8 > . %>BO 2 . 2K45;O5BAO B>;L:> >1I55, MB> =5 7=0-< G8B, GB> >=> ?@>B82>AB>OB 548=8G=>A>15==> >1I55 ACI5AB2C5B ;8HL 2 >B45;L=><. >A:>;L:C >=> A>AB02;O5B >A=>2C :0G5AB25==>9 A?5F8D8:8 >B45;L=KE ?@54<5B>2, 7=0=85 53> 405B 2>7<>6=>ABL >1JOA=5=8O >B45;L=>3> 8 >A>15==>3>. 0 >A=>25 >1I53> . :;0AA0 B>;L:> 8 AB0=>28BAO 2>7<>6=K< 2K45;5=85 8 ?>7=0=85 >A>1KE 3@C?? (284>2) ?@54<5B>2, 0 B0

Источники:

1. Философский словарь / Под ред. И.Т. Фролова. - 4-е изд.-М.: Политиздат, 1981. - 445 с.